Education, Research and Rehabilitation

Posts Tagged ‘Colleges And Universities’

The Internet has really broken down barriers. Great geographical distance is no more an obstacle for many things to do. The miracle of the Internet provide more accessible and saves time for doing business, place an order, transfer of money, and purchase of products and services. E-Bay and Amazon has revolutionized shopping for people around the world. Napster and Limewire has opened the way for the Cross-Continental-file sharing. Now a new wave of knowledge flows is added to the list – online education. online education is essentially the acquisition of education in colleges and universities existing within and outside the country via the Internet. accessible through the online courses are offered training, online degrees that are basically the same courses with universities and colleges offer in their respective campus, can not be made accessible through the Internet for people who can not attend school regularly. This mode of avant-garde of the acquisition of education has broken down the walls and the boundaries of universities and colleges, and held the accessibility of education for those in remote areas. online education is derived from the concept of distance learning *. * The greatest concern that distance education has been trying address the inability of adult learners, most professionals and the top level, a regular school day on an hourly (or even visit at night and working hours weekend) for their work, families and other obligations. This trend will be further developed and today bachelor degrees, certificates or diplomas and training programs are available. In recognition of the increasingly fierce competition in the labor market and its direct relationship to the need for a college education (vis-à-vis the constraints plus one), colleges and universities in America to the tip of the online teaching. Soon followed by educational institutions in Europe and other parts of the world. Choosing a college course online is not limited to certain subjects, nor the degree or doctorate Masteral available online. In the U.S. alone, about a thousand colleges and universities have degree programs for online education. The courses offered include a wide range of disciplines, interests and specializations. For the bachelor, much of the art or science courses are offered. The most frequently taken courses in accounting, marketing and distribution, advertising and business and trade. A computer course, specializing in web development and system management is one of being the most used online. Others are real estate courses, language courses, English and Chinese language courses (mostly registered, Japanese, and Koreans). Other popular choices are associate degrees in arts and sciences, telecommunications, human resources management, hospitality, education, veterinary medicine, etc., training programs and graduate programs, such as clothing and home decor are also available. Subscribe Masteral degrees at most students in business and related trade. A game is also in technology management, information systems, science, aviation, international relations, industry and manufacturing, etc. Other universities even offer a free online course to areas like foreign languages and shorthand. In online education, instructors at colleges and universities to create websites where they post the course outline, course requirements, lectures, tasks and tests. The link between the student and teacher or professor was made possible by the real-time sharing such as email or Internet Relay Chat. Web cameras are also used by some professors of the provision of temporary teaching or pre-recorded video and conferences. The forum is also used for sending messages. Because students are largely the study of the Internet, they are allowed to use web sources for most of their tasks. Although innovation celebrated a number of issues and concerns surrounding online education. For planning to get a degree online, make sure the institution is an online course offered duly accredited by the State. Accreditation is a formal recognition of a particular institution and the programs it offers in accordance with the standard quality of education decreed by the government. In the U.S., accreditation from the Ministry of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation is a legal requirement. In Canada, regulates the government offered to all schools and programs. Other groups such as cost, return on investment, and expertise of online courses offered must be controlled and the greatest attention. Intensifying economic competition, it is necessary to be equipped with a college education or even graduate degrees. Well, that modernity is unstoppable, restrictions such as distance and access is no longer a wall to deter a bright future. It’s a good thing, technology and the quest for human advancement has benefited more from education more accessible for many people around the world.

Becoming master in health administration opens your opportunity to pursue a creditable career as an administrator in one of many healthcare institutions. Therefore, if you think that you have a commendable leadership skill and you are eager to devote your skill to working with dedicated workers, you can always consider following this study program because by achieving master’s degree in this field of study, you can not only implement your leadership skills thoroughly, but also get lucrative income from your career. A salary of a professional healthcare administrator can reach as much as $100,000 in one year.

There are many colleges and universities in every state of this country that enable you to follow this study program through either regular classroom study or online program. You can find a complete list of those colleges and universities by consulting the Association of University Programs in Healthcare Administration (AUPHA). This organization is dedicated to providing students like you to search for any educational institutions in this country that let you take either undergraduate or graduate course in the study field of healthcare administration. If after you receive your undergraduate diploma, you want to continue your study immediately to the graduate program, you can apply for regular classroom study program to achieve your master’s degree. On the other hand, if you work at certain healthcare institution after you obtain your undergraduate diploma and thus you don’t have enough time to spare to follow regular classroom study, you can apply for online program of masters in health care administration and do your study assignments at your home.

After you’ve achieved your master’s degree, you can start developing your experience by joining in any internship program or applying for any entry-level healthcare administration jobs, which require you to at least own an undergraduate diploma. Developing your experience before you actually implement your graduate diploma is important because most healthcare institutions today regard their administrator’s experience highly.

If you enroll in a college or university online, and other types of training courses online like you need to consider some options of where the course is fully accredited. Learning is a career education online very, very important to your professional success, especially if you continue to get stagnant in your business with no sign of support. There are many ways for courses such as economics, education, accounting, science, technology, legal assistant, appeals rights, criminal law, marketing, advertising, the public administration, international relations, sociology, and the variety of options degrees. You can online education. However, you can have a degree online if you want to own free time. There are several options for you. You can have a partner online degrees, bachelor’s, master’s and doctorate. There are also colleges and universities working with you accelerated program or funding for your career. There are various opportunities to acquire or maintain an online degree and think that you can quickly report to a college or university campuses. You can also use an online degree or diploma in a variety of industries. You can use a certificate certifying that you are the end of the course in trades such as culinary arts performances. There are many opportunities, education and occupation will push your life with this natural world of online training. You can do online education program for your home or at work or in your spare time without any change in your normal duties. Online training is very necessary if you want to change your life with the freedom to go and develop the higher level of skill, deserve the best when it comes to your future. Lastily, it can be a great opportunity for you to go to the next level and be the big money. You can find the best accredited institution and a program to discover all the advantages of online education and begin your career opportunity to develop research.

Education has an immense impact on human society. One can safely assume that person is not actually until educated. It is thought that the human mind and make the right decision. In other words, man is a rational animal when it is worn. It is achieved through education, knowledge and information and disseminating throughout the world. An uneducated person can not read and write, and therefore it is closed to all knowledge and wisdom he can gain through books and other media. In other words, it is isolated from the outside world. However, an educated man living in a room with all windows open towards the outside of his world. The quality of human resources of a country is easily judged by the number of educated people in it. That is to say that education is a must if a nation aspires to achieve growth and development, particularly sustainable. This could also explain the fact that the rich and developed countries in the world are very low literacy rate and productive human resources. In fact, these countries have begun to education and selective mediation training programs for new technology and business challenges of 21 century to counter. In the U.S., many schools and other vocational training programs offer separate programs for regular credit. Then look at the educational needs of working people, many universities offer online education. The diplomas and certificates offered by these colleges and universities online, very convenient for workers and students. Workers need these degrees, their knowledge and skill levels are basically in their promotion and the growing realization as a professional update. Students can also obtain an online degree and work and win together. In fact, in certain professions such as doctors and dentists are required to complete mandatory continuing education. This is to keep pace either with all the research and development conducted in the medical field. These professionals not only need to keep abreast of these developments, but also learn to learn new techniques and refining old ones. Learn more about patient management and care delivery is rather a continuous process. Because these professionals, especially doctors huge moral responsibility towards patients and society in general, have, education is a necessity for them. It is in such a scenario, the distance learning between the image. Since professionals participants did not have time to classroom instruction, distance learning is presented as a practical alternative. You can at a time that suits them and learn in the comfort of home. Keep an eye on the importance of education, wants the U.S. Department of Education for student success and preparation for global competitiveness by promoting quality education and equal access in support. It also establishes policies regarding federal financial aid for education and distribution and monitoring of these funds. In addition, always ready to focus national attention on key issues of education and equal access to education. The importance of education can not be neglected by any nation. And in today’s world has become all the more important the role of education. It’s a necessity for economic and social development of any nation.

It is an accepted fact on matters that are required to study at university. As it is sometimes beyond the capacity of many ordinary people, they are looking for alternatives. These alternatives may include a career or get a student loan. In most cases, the loan is the path that is worn by many students. If you are looking at different loans, you can ask you should also learn about federal student aid. While private loans can not be established with an amount apparently much money to give to your four years of college to pay for the tuition you pay for these fees and others may be more than you can afford to repay at the end. The Federal Student Aid on the other side you are with the options you can offer online. Before coming to pick you up for financial aid federal student until you try, the details should be checked to ensure that a qualified person. You need to calculate if you are able to pay for a portion of student aid. During the time you attend a college or university of your choice, the money you withdraw your training noted. Here you will find many forms of state transfers. These student loans are those that you’ve probably heard of. The best known is the FAFSA financial aid. You can obtain assistance from the federal Stafford Student Loans. Details on the programs and the help you can give. You can apply for federal student aid for access. These forms are generally available as both an online version and the printed version. You, the individual states to forms of assistance to students in the place you choose your local library, school, and also the financial aid office in the most colleges and universities. All information you receive from these forms is very useful when you really need help paying for your college or university. There is no fee for an application for federal student aid. You must understand, however, that you can not receive financial year that you get to apply. You do not despair that you have always a chance that you’ll need the help of the following year. In these days with the rising cost of living, it is important that you do not have your education suffers. There are many large financial aid programs, you can ask for help. Among these programs, see about getting a federal student aid should be for. They want to help is just around the corner.

Tertiary Vocational Education In Creative Subjects: The Newest Trend In Bachelors Studies

Enough has been said and written about tertiary education. After schooling, the next obvious step for any student who opts for his higher studies is applying to a college or university. And while we all know plenty about the usual Bachelors study courses- history, mathematics, law, accountancy, management etc, there have also been introduced new courses, which have elicited a lot of interest in students. These courses offer the students education in areas, which are very different from the usual run-off-the-mill courses generally offered to the students. These courses – generally taught under the umbrella term – Tertiary Vocational education, offered on the Bachelors level are lifesavers for those who are not looking to make a career in the usual fields.

Traditional college education has often been come under the scanner for being very theoretical and abstract. In todays job-centred market, vocational education is ideal as it provides hands-on experience in the field chosen by the student, so his college education puts him in a better position to secure a job immediately after an education. In recent times, vocational education has gone creative, with fields like music, photography, dance, drama, computers, web designing etc being the preferred choice for students. Not only does it let them explore their creative side, but also gives them formal education and practical training in careers that they probably would not have even imagined, they would take up seriously, until a few years ago.

With more and more colleges and universities aiming at creative vocational education at the Bachelors level, it is evident that such creative education is rapidly making a mark not only in the minds of the students, but educationists and parents as well. With the rapidly changing times, developments in technology, trade, even means of entertainment, and with globalisation becoming more than just a buzzword, the need for such education is very conspicuously felt.

While doctors, teachers, accountants, bankers etc will still find many takers (as great career options), the new trend today is not just to take up a career that pays you very well, or offers you job security, but doing something that actually interests you. Vocational training was limited to being a study that students could only take up part-time, along with their regular college education, but not any more. There are full-fledged courses and universities that offer creative vocational education, complete with examinations, apprenticeship and some even offer their students assistance in placements. The courses offered are designed in such a way that not only do the students get the required theoretical knowledge, but also get practical training and experience so they have a more clear idea of what to expect in an actual work environment.

Vocational education is not limited only to a few colleges; there are many options that you can explore. While some specialize in a particular type of art- language skills, designing or computers, others may offer you many courses under one roof. Your hobbies need not be supplementary to your education, but can actually be a full-fledged career with such education. Photography, music, acting, dancing, web designing, grooming, script writing whatever it is that interests you, it is possible to study it as an actual course at a recognized university. While vocational tertiary education might still be the unconventional option; with the kind of training and exposure these courses offer, they are soon becoming the rule rather than the exception.

Successful operation of an educational institution

Successful operation of an educational institution requires competent administrators. Education administrators provide instructional leadership and manage the day-to-day activities in schools, preschools, day care centers, and colleges and universities. They also direct the educational programs of businesses, correctional institutions, museums, and job training and community service organizations. (College presidents and school superintendents are covered in the Handbook statement on general managers sssssEducation administrators set educational standards and goals and establish the policies and procedures to achieve them. They also supervise managers, support staff, teachers, counselors, librarians, coaches, and other employees. They develop academic programs, monitor students’ educational progress, train and motivate teachers and other staff, manage career counseling and other student services, administer recordkeeping, prepare budgets, and perform many other duties. They also handle relations with parents, prospective and current students, employers, and the community. In an organization such as a small day care center, one administrator may handle all these functions. In universities or large school systems, responsibilities are divided among many administrators, each with a specific function.

Educational administrators who manage elementary, middle, and secondary schools are called principals. They set the academic tone and actively work with teachers to develop and maintain high curriculum standards, develop mission statements, and set performance goals and objectives. Principals confer with staff to advise, explain, or answer procedural questions. They hire, evaluate, and help improve the skills of teachers and other staff. They visit classrooms, observe teaching methods, review instructional objectives, and examine learning materials. Principals must use clear, objective guidelines for teacher appraisals, because pay often is based on performance ratings.

Principals also meet and interact with other administrators, students, parents, and representatives of community organizations. Decision-making authority has increasingly shifted from school district central offices to individual schools. School principals have greater flexibility in setting school policies and goals, but when making administrative decisions they must pay attention to the concerns of parents, teachers, and other members of the community.

Preparing budgets and reports on various subjects, including finances and attendance, and overseeing the requisition and allocation of supplies also is an important responsibility of principals. As school budgets become tighter, many principals have become more involved in public relations and fundraising to secure financial support for their schools from local businesses and the community.

Principals must take an active role to ensure that students meet national, State, and local academic standards. Many principals develop partnerships with local businesses and school-to-work transition programs for students. Increasingly, principals must be sensitive to the needs of the rising number of non-English speaking and culturally diverse student body. In some areas, growing enrollments also are a cause for concern because they lead to overcrowding at many schools. When addressing problems of inadequate resources, administrators serve as advocates for the building of new schools or the repair of existing ones. During summer months, principals are responsible for planning for the upcoming year, overseeing summer school, participating in workshops for teachers and administrators, supervising building repairs and improvements, and working to make sure the school has adequate staff for the school year.

Schools continue to be involved with students’ emotional welfare as well as their academic achievement. As a result, principals face responsibilities outside the academic realm. For example, many schools have growing numbers of students from dual-income and single-parent families or students who are themselves teenage parents. To support these students and their families, some schools have established before- and after-school childcare programs or family resource centers, which also may offer parenting classes and social service referrals. With the help of community organizations, some principals have established programs to combat increases in crime, drug and alcohol abuse, and sexually transmitted diseases among students.

Assistant principals aid the principal in the overall administration of the school. Some assistant principals hold this position for several years, during which time they prepare for advancement to principal; others are assistant principals throughout their careers. They are primarily responsible for scheduling student classes, ordering textbooks and supplies, and coordinating transportation, custodial, cafeteria, and other support services. They usually handle student discipline and attendance problems, social and recreational programs, and health and safety matters. They also may counsel students on personal, educational, or vocational matters. With the advent of site-based management, assistant principals are playing a greater role in ensuring the academic success of students by helping to develop new curriculums, evaluating teachers, and dealing with school-community relations—responsibilities previously assumed solely by the principal. The number of assistant principals that a school employs may vary, depending on the number of students.

Administrators in school district central offices oversee public schools under their jurisdiction. This group includes those who direct subject-area programs such as English, music, vocational education, special education, and mathematics. They supervise instructional coordinators and curriculum specialists, and work with them to evaluate curriculums and teaching techniques and improve them.  are covered elsewhere in the Handbook.) Administrators also may oversee career counseling programs and testing that measures students’ abilities and helps to place them in appropriate classes. Others may also direct programs such as school psychology, athletics, curriculum and instruction, and professional development. With site-based management, administrators have transferred primary responsibility for many of these programs to the principals, assistant principals, teachers, instructional coordinators, and other staff in the schools.

In preschools and childcare centers, which are usually much smaller than other educational institutions, the director or supervisor of the school or center often serves as the sole administrator. Their job is similar to that of other school administrators in that they oversee daily activities and operation of the schools, hire and develop staff, and make sure that the school meets required regulations and educational standards.

In colleges and universities, provosts, also known as chief academic officers, assist presidents, make faculty appointments and tenure decisions, develop budgets, and establish academic policies and programs. With the assistance of academic deans and deans of faculty, they also direct and coordinate the activities of deans of individual colleges and chairpersons of academic departments. Fundraising is the chief responsibility of the director of development and also is becoming an essential part of the job for all administrators.

College or university department heads or chairpersons are in charge of departments that specialize in particular fields of study, such as English, biological science, or mathematics. In addition to teaching, they coordinate schedules of classes and teaching assignments; propose budgets; recruit, interview, and hire applicants for teaching positions; evaluate faculty members; encourage faculty development; serve on committees; and perform other administrative duties. In overseeing their departments, chairpersons must consider and balance the concerns of faculty, administrators, and students.

Higher education administrators also direct and coordinate the provision of student services. Vice presidents of student affairs or student life, deans of students, and directors of student services may direct and coordinate admissions, foreign student services, health and counseling services, career services, financial aid, and housing and residential life, as well as social, recreational, and related programs. In small colleges, they may counsel students. In larger colleges and universities, separate administrators may handle each of these services. Registrars are custodians of students’ records. They register students, record grades, prepare student transcripts, evaluate academic records, assess and collect tuition and fees, plan and implement commencement, oversee the preparation of college catalogs and schedules of classes, and analyze enrollment and demographic statistics. Directors of admissions manage the process of recruiting, evaluating, and admitting students, and work closely with financial aid directors, who oversee scholarship, fellowship, and loan programs. Registrars and admissions officers at most institutions need computer skills because they use electronic student information systems. For example, for those whose institutions present college catalogs, schedules, and other information on the Internet, knowledge of online resources, imaging, and other computer skills is important. Athletic directors plan and direct intramural and intercollegiate athletic activities, seeing to publicity for athletic events, preparation of budgets, and supervision of coaches. Other increasingly important administrators direct public relations, distance learning, and technology.

Work environment. Education administrators hold leadership positions with significant responsibility. Most find working with students extremely rewarding, but as the responsibilities of administrators have increased in recent years, so has the stress. Coordinating and interacting with faculty, parents, students, community members, business leaders, and State and local policymakers can be fast-paced and stimulating, but also stressful and demanding. Principals and assistant principals, whose varied duties include discipline, may find working with difficult students to be challenging. They are also increasingly being held accountable for ensuring that their schools meet recently imposed State and Federal guidelines for student performance and teacher qualifications.

About 1 in 3 education administrators work more than 40 hours a week and often supervise school activities at night and on weekends. Most administrators work year round, although some work only during the academic year.

Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement

Most education administrators begin their careers as teachers and prepare for advancement into education administration by completing a master’s or doctoral degree. Because of the diversity of duties and levels of responsibility, educational backgrounds and experience vary considerably among these workers.

Education and training. Principals, assistant principals, central office administrators, academic deans, and preschool directors usually have held teaching positions before moving into administration. Some teachers move directly into principal positions; others first become assistant principals, or gain experience in other administrative jobs at either the school or district level in positions such as department head, curriculum specialist, or subject matter advisor. In some cases, administrators move up from related staff jobs such as recruiter, school counselor, librarian, residence hall director, or financial aid or admissions counselor.

In most public schools, principals, assistant principals, and school district administrators need a master’s degree in education administration or educational leadership. Some principals and central office administrators have a doctorate or specialized degree in education administration. In private schools, some principals and assistant principals hold only a bachelor’s degree, but the majority have a master’s or doctoral degree.

Educational requirements for administrators of preschools and childcare centers vary depending on the setting of the program and the State of employment. Administrators who oversee preschool programs in public schools are often required to have at least a bachelor’s degree. Child care directors who supervise private programs are usually not required to have a degree; however, most States require a preschool education credential, which often includes some postsecondary coursework.

College and university academic deans and chairpersons usually advance from professorships in their departments, for which they need a master’s or doctoral degree; further education is not typically necessary. Admissions, student affairs, and financial aid directors and registrars sometimes start in related staff jobs with bachelor’s degrees—any field usually is acceptable—and obtain advanced degrees in college student affairs, counseling, or higher education administration. A Ph.D. or Ed.D. usually is necessary for top student affairs positions. Computer literacy and a background in accounting or statistics may be assets in admissions, records, and financial work.

Advanced degrees in higher education administration, educational leadership, and college student affairs are offered in many colleges and universities. Education administration degree programs include courses in school leadership, school law, school finance and budgeting, curriculum development and evaluation, research design and data analysis, community relations, politics in education, and counseling. The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) and the Educational Leadership Constituent Council (ELCC) accredit programs designed for elementary and secondary school administrators. Although completion of an accredited program is not required, it may assist in fulfilling licensure requirements.

Licensure and certification. Most States require principals to be licensed as school administrators. License requirements vary by State, but nearly all States require either a master’s degree or some other graduate-level training. Some States also require candidates for licensure to pass a test. On-the-job training, often with a mentor, is increasingly required or recommended for new school leaders. Some States require administrators to take continuing education courses to keep their license, thus ensuring that administrators have the most up-to-date skills. The number and types of courses required to maintain licensure vary by State. Principals in private schools are not subject to State licensure requirements.

Nearly all States require child care and preschool center directors to be licensed. Licensing usually requires a number of years of experience or hours of coursework or both. Sometimes, it requires a college degree. Often, directors are also required to earn a general preschool education credential, such as the Child Development Associate credential (CDA) sponsored by the Council for Professional Recognition, or some other credential designed specifically for directors.

One credential specifically for directors is the National Administration Credential, offered by the National Child Care Association. The credential requires experience and training in child care center management.

There are usually no licensing requirements for administrators at postsecondary institutions.

Other qualifications. To be considered for education administrator positions, workers must first prove themselves in their current jobs. In evaluating candidates, supervisors look for leadership, determination, confidence, innovativeness, and motivation. The ability to make sound decisions and to organize and coordinate work efficiently is essential. Because much of an administrator’s job involves interacting with others—such as students, parents, teachers, and the community—a person in such a position must have strong interpersonal skills and be an effective communicator and motivator. Knowledge of leadership principles and practices, gained through work experience and formal education, is important. A familiarity with computer technology is a necessity for principals, who are required to gather information and coordinate technical resources for their students, teachers, and classrooms.

Advancement. Education administrators advance through promotion to higher level administrative positions or by transferring to comparable positions at larger schools or systems. They also may become superintendents of school systems or presidents of educational institutions.

Employment

Education administrators held about 443,000 jobs in 2006. Of these, 56,000 were preschool or child care administrators, 226,000 were elementary or secondary school administrators, and 131,000 were postsecondary administrators. The great majority—over 80 percent—worked in public or private educational institutions. Most of the remainder worked in child daycare centers, religious organizations, job training centers, and businesses and other organizations that provided training for their employees.

Job Outlook

Employment of education administrators is projected to grow about as fast as average, as education and training take on greater importance in everyone’s lives. Job opportunities for many of these positions should be excellent because a large proportion of education administrators are expected to retire over the next 10 years.

Employment change. Employment of education administrators is expected to grow by 12 percent between 2006 and 2016,  for all occupations, primarily due to growth in enrollments of school-age children. Enrollment of students in elementary and secondary schools is expected to grow slowly over the next decade, which will limit the growth of principals and other administrators in these schools. However, the number of administrative positions will continue to increase as more administrative responsibilities are placed on individual schools, particularly related to monitoring student achievement. Preschool and childcare center administrators are expected to experience substantial growth due to increasing enrollments in formal child care programs as fewer young children are cared for in private homes. Additionally, as more States implement or expand public preschool programs, more preschool directors will be needed.

The number of students at the postsecondary level is projected to grow more rapidly than other student populations, creating significant demand for administrators at that level. A significant portion of the growth will occur in the private and for-profit segments of higher education. Many of these schools cater to working adults who might not ordinarily participate in postsecondary education. These schools allow students to earn a degree, receive job-specific training, or update their skills in a convenient manner, such as through part-time programs or distance learning. As the number of these schools continues to grow, more administrators will be needed to oversee them.

Job prospects. Principals and assistant principals should have very favorable job prospects. A sharp increase in responsibilities in recent years has made the job more stressful and has discouraged some teachers from taking positions in administration. Principals are now being held more accountable for the performance of students and teachers, while at the same time they are required to adhere to a growing number of government regulations. In addition, overcrowded classrooms, safety issues, budgetary concerns, and teacher shortages in some areas all are creating additional stress for administrators. Many teachers feel that the increase in pay for becoming an administrator is not high enough to compensate for the greater responsibilities.

Opportunities may vary by region of the country. Enrollments are expected to increase the fastest in the West and South, where the population is growing faster, and to decline or remain stable in the Northeast and the Midwest. School administrators also are in greater demand in rural and urban areas, where pay is generally lower than in the suburbs.

Although competition among faculty for prestigious positions as academic deans and department heads is likely to remain keen, fewer applicants are expected for nonacademic administrative jobs, such as director of admissions or student affairs. Furthermore, many people are discouraged from seeking administrator jobs by the requirement that they have a master’s or doctoral degree in education administration—as well as by the opportunity to earn higher salaries in other occupations.